نشریه پژوهش در مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1390)

The purpose of the present study was to study the effect of attentional focus instructions on motor skills that requiring near to maximum force production, such as shot put skill. In this experiment, twenty eight right- handed girl students with little shot put experience were selected voluntarily. They divided to two groups (internal and external focus) based on their shot put scores in pre- test (consists of 3 trial). They were asked to shot put using O׳brien technique. Experiment performed in three sessions and each session consists of three trials. Instructions referred specifically either to body movement (internal focus) or to shot (external focus). In this study, mixed ANOVA 2 (group) ´ 3 (session) with repeated measures on last factor is used for analyzing data. The results of this experiment showed that distance of shot put was greater in external focus group rather than internal focus group. Also interaction between attentional focus and practice session was significant (P< 0/001). In conclusion, external focus resulted in producing greater force relative to internal focus. These findings indicate that previously shown benefits of an external attentional focus generalize to motor skills requiring maximal force production.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of coaching behaviors on coaching efficacy and team dynamic of vollyball pro- league in Iran (2009). 160 athletes and coach from 13 team participated as samples in this study. Coacing behavior was measured by Martin, S.B., & Barnes, K. (1999) Coaching Behavior questionnaire. Coaching Efficacy was measured by Feltz, D.L., Chase, M.A, Mortiz, S.A., Sullivan, P.J. (1999) coaching efficacy questionnaire. Team Dynamic (team cohesion and collective efficacy), was measured by Carron, A.V., Brawely, L., Widmeyer, W. (1998) team cohesion questionnaire and Felts, D.L., & Lirg, C.D., (1998) collective efficacy questionnaire. The statistical procedure also was based on descriptive and inferential basis and included multivariable regression. The results indicated that coaching behaviors effect on coaching efficacy and team dynamic. Also coaching efficacy effect on team dynamic. As the results revealed, higher frequency of Reinforcement, Mistake – Contingent technical instruction, General communication and organizing behaviors styles, showed an increase in coaching efficacy and team dynamic(team cohesion and collective efficacy) over the season. On the other hand, higher frequency Punishment and Punitive technical instruction behaviors style, an decrease in coaching efficacy and team dynamic (team cohesion and collective efficacy) over the season.

to investigate Creative Leadership Styles Chiefs Sport Committees in Qom Province with Caution to their Leadership styles (Transformational, Transactional and People oriented). Between 35 sport committees, 33 assistant managers and committee managers sport committees (n=63) completed the two questionnaire of individual characteristics and Creative leadership questionnaire (CLQ). CLQ is included of 20 questions which 3 leadership style, including transformational, transactional and People oriented. Internal validity of questionnaire was determined by using Alpha Cronbach's test of =α) 0/97). In order to analyze the data the following statistical methods in a significant level of (P≤0.05) were used: Kolmogorov- Smirnoff, mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis. The result of this study indicated that: there is a significant difference between creative leadership styles of transformational, transactional and people oriented with gender of Chiefs Sport Committees (Z=-0.51, p≤0/05). Also there is a significant difference between creative leadership styles of transformational with gender (Z= -0.48, P≤0.05), creative leadership styles of transactional with gender (Z= -0.64, P≤0.05) and creative leadership styles of people oriented with gender (Z = -0.41, P≤0.05), separately. An otherwise the result also indicated that there is a significant difference between the creative leadership styles with post of Chiefs Sport Committees (Z=-0.60, p≤0/05). Also there is a significant difference between creative leadership styles of transformational with post (Z = -0.44, P≤0.05), creative leadership styles of people oriented with post (Z= -0.60, P≤0.05), separately. But there isn’t significant difference between creative leadership styles of transactional with post (Z= -0.78, P≥0.05). Another wise significant difference between the creative leadership styles with position staffing (X2=9.41, p≤0/05) and significant difference between the creative leadership styles with activity presidency (X2=13.25, p≤0/01).

Purpose of this research was to study of the relationship between the styles of conflict management and the quality of the relationship between manager and employee, emphasizing on their demographic attributes.The methodology of this research was descriptive, present-based and practical. The sampling frame for this study consists of 100 managers and employees who are in administration of physical education in Mazandaran province. Data collected instruments includes 2 questionnaires LMX-7(quality of relationship) and ROCI-П (styles of conflict management). In this study descriptive statistics was for organizing, customizing and describing data. Inferential statistics was used by linear regression, t test and one way ANOVA.Findings of this research showed the significant difference between influences of five styles of conflict management on quality of relationship between manager-employee by the subjects. there is a significant relationship between the style of compromise and quality of relationship between manager-employee by employees. By the managers, impact rate of styles of compromise and integrating on dependent variable is quite positive and significant.This study was designed to clarify the readers thinking about the relationship between two constructs, conflict management and manager- member exchange. Also the research provides several significant contributions on both a scholarly and participationer level to the managers and employees. Thus both the managers and their followers have to be encouraged to take integrating and compromise styles of conflict management. Finally the positive view of persons in the organizations is very effective.

The main aim of this study was to find out the relationship between the workholism and the quality of work life among the physical education instructor throughout the country. This research included 264 physical education instructor in the universities belong to Ministry of Sciences, Research and Technology of Iran. Of them, 163 persons have been chosen by simple random sample method based on kerjesy and Morgan table (1970). In order to collect the data, the work holism questionnaire of Spence and Robbins(1992) with 0.82 reliability and the work life quality questionnaire of Walton with 0.80 reliability have been evaluated. In order to analyze the data, in addition, workholism descriptive statistics, also the inferential statistics such as the Pearson correlation has been used. The results showed that %71 of masters had the work holism in the high rate, and %92 of them had the work life quality in the middle and good rate. Also, the results indicated that there was a significant relationship between the work holism and work life quality among the masters (r=0/535, p<0/01). Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the work addition and their social dependency and their total living atmosphere. In other words, one can say that the work holism can improve the workholism of masters in the university, but it can create problems in their social dependency and their personal life.

Innovation, creativity and change are the key elements and unavoidable factors in sport. The importance of this issue encourages us to study sport from the point of view of entrepreneurship. During the recent years, spreading the sport management and development of entrepreneurship have created a new frame work in sport in a way that a new approach has been appeared regarding sport management and entrepreneurship. For this reason this article aims to study the relationship between entrepreneurship and sport in order to spread and develop the theory of entrepreneurship in sport management.Through studying the information gained in economics and sports marketing, we have been given the opportunity to identify the Innovations, proactiveness and risk taking in sport from which the dimensions of entrepreneurship has been out broke in this domain. Moreover, the current article implicitly points out the study related gap between entrepreneurship and sport management by introducing the different kinds of entrepreneurship existing in sport and sport management domains. Finally, suggestions are discussed for future studies.

This research aims at studying the effect of different Practice Schedules (Blocked, Random, and systematically increasing) on acquisition, retention and transfer different basketball pass Species (overhead, chest and single arm). Subjects included 45 secondary male students (Mean age 17.14± 0.75) whom were assigned into three matched groups Blocked, Random and systematically increasing (its mention increasing systematically contextual interference to in training duration) following pretest. The subjects didn’t have any experience in playing basketball. At the determined and given condition for each group, subjects performed the task for 9 sessions; 9 trials in each session. After 24 hour, retention and transfer tests with 4 trials in each pass were taken. Results showed effect of practice session was significant but no significant difference in acquisition between groups. In retention and transfer tests, there were significant differences between mean scores of practice groups, that supported Magill and Hall theory (1990) and challenge point idea of Guadagnoli and Lee (2004).

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of perceived coach leadership behavior on motivational climate and athlete satisfaction of women taking part in basketball super league of Iran. Statistical population of this study was included from all super leagues’ female basketball players. Sample society was equal to all 174 athletes of statistical society and the method of research was descriptive. The personal information questionnaire (demography), leadership sport scale (LSS), motivational climate questionnaire (PMCSQ), and athlete satisfaction questionnaire (ASQ) were used to measure the variables. The results showed that among coaches’ leadership behavior; autocratic behavior (ß=0/76) and performance climate; social support (ß= 0/24) and education and training behavior and mastery climate have linear relationship and even predict it. Coaches’ leadership behavior and athlete satisfaction have significant linear relationship (p<0/01), also education and training behavior (ß=0/93) and positive feedback (ß=0/75) have linear relationship with athlete satisfaction and even predict it.As a whole, it is obvious that coaches’ leadership behavior is an important factor in motivational climate and athlete satisfaction; so the coaches by using the appropriate leadership behavior can effect on motivational climate and athlete satisfaction to achieve success and desirable outcomes.

In the present investigation we determined the time course of attention demands during the jumping service in volleyball by the dual-task paradigm. Fourteen voluntary junior elite volleyball players performed 60 jumping serve. Jumping-serve performance (JSP) as primary task and verbal reaction time (RT) to an auditory stimulus that was administered in four probe positions (PP), as secondary task was measured. Repeated measures analyze of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant effect of the PP on JPS, indicates allocating the most attentional weight to the JSP. In second analyze, effect of PP on RT was significant, so that all probes RT were significantly higher than the base line RT, indicates attention demanding of the JSP. Results also showed that pre-shot in run-up (PP1) and after the ball strike (PP4) had the greatest attentional demands respectively; while per-jump stepping ahead (PP2) and just pre-striking the ball (PP3) had respectively the lowest needs of attention. The results indicate that attention follows a non-linear pattern, in the JSP.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among job satisfaction, organizational commitment and internal service quality in selected federations. For this purpose Xie, Di (2005) questionnaire was used. Reliability of the questionnaire after a pilot study using Cronbach's alpha test (α =0/86) respectively. Statistical society desired to study all the staff federations swimming, basketball, handball, judo, track and field and gymnastics have formed and sample population is equal. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods for data analysis (mean and SD, tables of frequency distribution, K-S, Pearson correlation and multiple regression) were used. Findings showed, among job satisfaction (p< 0/01, r =0/651), normative organizational commitment (p< 0/01, r =0/558) and internal service quality was positive and significant correlation (p< 0/05) exist. But between affective organizational commitment and continuous organizational commitment with internal service quality wasn’t any significant correlation exist (p> 0/05). Note that the use of variables in research, improve in the internal service quality of employees will be possible if organizations provide components through the strategic application of human resource management to provide appropriate service quality for internal and external customers.